Electromagnetic Chucks: The changeable holding Power advantage

Electromagnetic chucks can contribute changeable keeping power, which greatly improves their potential to maintain a wide range of machining applications.

Magnetic chucks are designed for keeping ferro-metallic work pieces with a strong, uniform keeping force. They consist of an accurately centered permanent magnetic face that works in conjunction with an operator actuated permanent or electromagnet. The work piece closes the magnetic loop to originate a gather anchor for the work piece.

Permanent Magnet vs. Electromagnet

Both permanent magnets and electromagnets can be used to furnish a magnetic keeping force. The choice of a permanent or electromagnetic construct is dependent upon both machining applications and externalities. Since permanent magnets do not need electrical power, they are best used when there's no power ready or it is unreliable. On the other hand, the magnetic field of permanent magnetic chucks cannot be adjusted, which can be a drawback for machining applications that need changeable keeping power. In applications where a changeable keeping power is required, an electromagnetic chuck is the best solution.

Electromagnetic Chuck Operation

Electromagnetic chucks are constructed with electrical coils wound around a steel core embedded in the chuck. To energize the electromagnetic field, a chuck controller is used to originate a changeable Dc voltage in the chuck's coils. The coil's electromagnetic field causes particles within the ferro-metallic work pieces to be aligned in a coarse direction. This alignment creates the electromagnetic keeping force between the work piece and the chuck. The chuck's poles are magnetic as long as voltage is applied. The operator can adjust the controller's Dc voltage to vary the impel of the magnetic field, which, in turn, provides the changeable keeping force.

The changeable keeping Power Advantage

Variable keeping power greatly improves the chuck's potential to maintain a wide range of machining applications that comprise cutting, milling, shaping, Edm, high speed cutting operations and thin work for grinding. Electromagnetic chucks can easily be interfaced with motor centers for automation purposes.

Variable keeping power is considerable for thin work applications. For example, when a part to be machined is thin-0.25 inch or thinner-and the part is presented to a motor operator as one of a stack of similar parts, the piece must be lifted from the stack. Permanent magnets are not designed to lift only one piece from a stack of ferro-metallic parts. However, an electromagnet with changeable voltage operate allows the operator to decrease the magnetic impel to the point where only one piece at a time can be lifted from a stack of parts.

Shop Safety

The changeable keeping power of electromagnetic chucks give it an advantage over permanent magnetic chucks. But their choice depends both on the machining application and shop safety. Since electromagnets need constant power to operate, a power failure can introduce a employee safety concern. While uninterruptible power supplies, power conditioners and battery backup systems can be integrated into the machining operations to address these concerns, the extreme decision depends on the construct of a single machining application.

Electromagnetic Chucks: The changeable holding Power advantage

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Micro Wave Oven Cooking and Its Impact

Any and every place that has electricity knows what Micro wave oven cooking is. Such is the popularity of this technology that was first industrialized in the 40s. It is legitimately remarkable how something that once stood at high as a door and was more expensive than a car, should come to be an considerable cooking tool today.

For ages man has found ingenious ways to cook. Yet the impact of this cooking tool is fully different. It has impacted our health, lifestyle, and our culture. From Tahiti to Thailand, population enjoy the benefits of this modern invention that has emerged as the extreme household 'helper'. Cook, bake, heat, re-heat and what not - it is simple, fits on the kitchen table, is affordable and most importantly does quick work. Therefore it is only fair that microwave oven cooking rules the kitchen. Yet a word of caution, it does not come without side effects.

The Wide Presence
The instrument is fundamentally designed to use a high voltage power source. A cavity magnetron converts electricity into waves and a cooking unit. When the supply is switched on, the waves are directed on the food to be cooked or heated by a wave director. Over the years it has evolved to comprise many added features. Today, a 10-year old uses it for popcorn while the grand mom uses it for her Sunday baking. Microwave oven cooking is legitimately easy. Practically every household in the Us and Canada owns a set today, thanks to the aggressive Japanese manufacturers. As much as we understand the scope of the instrument we must also talk its side effects. With such a huge whole of population using it, it is bound to create a cultural impact. Some experts also see it as a phenomenon coinciding with the altered eating habits of industrialized countries. Like in the Us a culture of obesity, sedentary lifestyle, food disorders and packaged food is often related to microwave oven cooking.

What we must understand here is that microwave oven cooking is now a part of our lifestyle. Therefore we must know its potential dangers. And not see it only as a quick fix solution.

What is engaging to note is that there are parts of the world and economies where population still do not use this cooking tool. They strangely seem to have lesser problems with their food. Japan, India, parts of Europe and other economies where the microwave oven cooking is still not so favorite live a healthier life.

Micro Wave Oven Cooking and Its Impact

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Electronic equipment fix - Can You absolutely fix It?

Electronic equipment repair? Yes it is true if you wanted to. Everybody has their passion since when they are young and some begin to know it at the later age. There are many kinds of interest and passions such as wanted to be a singer, dancer, artist, lawyer, doctor, police, scientist and so forth. But in this article, I'm talking about the passion of the electronics. Once you are inevitable that electronics is the field that you are going to venture in, then do your best to get the indispensable knowledge about electronics-look beyond the dollar signs. Find a job you are passionate about and you will growth your chances of having a long and successful career.

Do not give in to pressure from parents or other soldiery or base your decision on the money will make. You may get a good paying job but you may not necessarily be happy. If your work does not match your values, interests and personality, it will not be long before you feel the strain. You need the passion in you to keep yourself going on bad days.

Sometimes being passionate about your occupation is not good enough. You should consistently plan and put in order to ensure that your technical skills and abilities are on par with your occupation ambitions. Let's take this for example, if you want to be a good electronic repairer, you need to stay ahead of the learning curve and update yourself on new technical issues.

Ok, let's come back the topic of "You can do all kinds of electronic equipment repair". Why I want to bring up the word "Passion" because only passion that can help you to mend the equipment. Passion in you will tell you not to give up and continue to find the answers for the electronic problems. Passion in you will drive you to even a greater level of learning and comprehension of electronics troubleshooting. Passion in you that motivates you to come out with new ideas of repairing and passion in you will help to guide you on what are the next steps you should make.

If you do not have the passion for electronics, I guess you will find this description boring and immediately exit this description as fast as I sent it to you. Well, I hope you are not because I presumed you love electronics otherwise you would not have subscribed to become the Erg member.

First you must know how to test and quantum electronic components. There is no point for you even if you could able to recognize the defective circuit in the equipment if you don't know how to check and quantum basic electronic components. Assuming you have search that the vertical section was at fault causing one horizontal line in the display, but because you are weak in testing electronic components, voltage checking or even scope probing, your percentage of able to mend the Monitor would be not high. In order to overcome this problem, you must be able to test and check electronic components accurately by doing lots of practical test and read more facts about electronic components whether from the mend books or from the internet. You must pass this test first before going further. Once you had grasped the techniques of accurately testing electronic components, you have won 50 % of the battle.

Second, no matter what kind of electronic equipment you are repairing it will always start from "how this electronic equipment works". If you don't know how the equipment function or work, you will have the disadvantage and may wholly can't mend it. Take a look at this example, if the Monitor qoute is in the horizontal section and you terminate that the qoute is in the vertical section, you will lost countless of hours trying to find the faulty parts where honestly the caused of the qoute is in the horizontal section. In other words, if you do not know how electronic equipment works you will not know at where you want to begin the repair.

This scenario happened very common to beginners where they just started out in the mend field. In order to solve this problem, get the electronic board back home or whatever place you find convenience where you can gently analyse the electronic circuits. Ask yourself these questions such as "why this board need to have the optoisolator in the power supply"? Is the optoisolator functions are for overvoltage or overcurrent protection and etc? What is the part estimate of the optoisolator? What is inside this optoisolator and how to test it to confirm whether it is good or bad? What would happen if the optoisolator developed a short circuit? Will it cause the power supply to shutdown, produce low power or even power blink?

Hope you get what I mean. By asking questions yourself, you are honestly training your mind to understand more about electronics (in the above case is the optoisolator). Using this way on other parts of the circuits in the board and I'm sure one day you will undoubtedly truly understand the electronic equipment that you are trying to repair. If you can't find the answer, refer to electronics books, electronic mend forum or just surf the internet from separate quest engine (we have google.com, yahoo.com, msn.com, ask.com and etc) to get the respond you want.

Third, you need a schematic diagram to back up on what you are trying to understand on that single electronic equipment. If you want to understand how Lcd Monitor works then you should buy or download free Lcd Monitor schematic diagram and start to institution how each of the circuits works. Break the circuits into separate sections thus we have the power supply section, inverter, Lcd panel, mainboard and etc. Study and understand each of these circuits and start to ask questions as explained in the above. Similarly, this example is applicable to you if you want to mend Plasma or Lcd Tv or whatever electronic equipment.

Fourth, investing in you-Invest in yourself. Notice that the first rule of venture isn't "invest in your business" or whatever else other than yourself. While investing and reinvesting into your repairing business is important, investing in yourself is your first priority of investing. You may ask "What to invest in yourself"? When I said, "invest in yourself", I honestly meant that you should invest in your study (electronic mend courses), testing equipment, electronic mend books (either eBooks or physical books as long as the facts are very helpful), schematic diagrams, tools and other indispensable things production yourself better than you were yesterday. I think that by not investing in yourself by rescue the minute money you have honestly had robs you of your technical knowledge (that you should know) or even financial independence! Why allow the excuse of not having money steal your technical knowledge (that you should add more) from you? In the technical line, one should have to go forward and not backward or "still" for such a long time. That kind of "still" mindset not only didn't bring correction to your technical knowledge but also your life.

There was a saying which I found it to be true-"There are three types of persons in the world:

First-The one who make things happen.

Second- The one who wait for things to happen

Third- The one who doesn't know what happen.

I wish that you are not in the third category. You should be in the first category where you make things happen and not to wait for things to happen. Make your decision now as not to wait for things to happen. If you found that there are websites selling facts like the training manuals, schematic diagrams or even mend tips that can help you to understand more about the electronic equipment you are repairing then buy it. Let me tell you other fact is that "no one will walk to you and show you how this or that functions in full details" you just have to make things happen by seeing your own answers from the facts you had bought. How many times have you post questions in the mend forum and you did no get the reply? If you are the one in the second category (wait for things to happen) I can certify that even after many years in the electronic mend line you will still loose out to a beginner who has the mindset of production things happen. Those beginners have the mindset of spicy forward, invest (time and money), never give up, and willing to learn.

Conclusion-Do you believe now that you can do all kind of electronic equipment repair? I believe you can if you thought about corollary the steps that I had explained above. The hypothesize I write this description is to tell you that do not limit yourself, give yourself a occasion to change! citizen just don't like changes, they like their disposition things but if you are able to make changes in your mindset, you can honestly go additional of what you are doing Right Now! Think about it my friend.

Electronic equipment fix - Can You absolutely fix It?

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How to choose Your Battery Chargers

In modern years, we see that approximately everybody around us is addicted to the use of some electronic devices in many of our activities. These devices operate by drawing electrical power from dry cells or batteries, as they are commonly known. Till recently, citizen used non-rechargeable alkaline batteries. These are batteries that are disposable once the fee is drained. Now, rechargeable batteries are very common. There are nickel cadmium, lithium and lead-acid batteries which are of rechargeable type. These are recharged using suitable battery chargers. Usually, these batteries are kept fully charged for use at any time and to protect its originate life.

Rechargeable batteries are very frugal compared to disposable types. It is also easy to deal with because, unlike in the case of disposable batteries, one need not carry standby batteries. When the fee declines to a level where the battery no longer supplies the valuable power, it needs to be recharged. There are varied types of battery chargers to fee these batteries, drawing power from direct electrical lines. Be watchful about cheaply priced chargers. These may harm the batteries and sacrifice their longevity.

How efficiently the batteries get charged depends on a range of factors such as type of the battery, its capacity, age, estimate of charges done, fee optimization, potential of current supplied etc. Over-charging or overheating of batteries will also harm their lifetime.

There are some chargers ready in the market, which have an effective fee monitoring system built into them. These chargers fee the batteries quickly, simultaneously monitoring the cell voltage. Once the battery fee is optimized, the charging process automatically shuts off. Depending on the battery's capacity, purpose and the type, charging time ranges from one hour to 8-10 hours. Some chargers will have embedded Led status indicators. This helps arresting of over-charging or over-heating of batteries.

How to choose Your Battery Chargers

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Power Surges - Things You Can Do To Avoid Them

Getting a power surge can be a real qoute for an electronic device. Lots of different devices are susceptible to power surges and they can happen at anytime. Generally them will only last for a few milliseconds and usually the transformer in your power provide will filter this. Sometimes with high voltage there can be issues trying to insulating it and keeping it away from integrated circuit for example, which can have a dramatic effect on equipment.

Most of the time power that's delivered to any electronic gadget is carport and constant. But, it's not like that all the time due to many different reasons. We can get power surge occurs and this happens when our normal flow of electricity is interrupted and when it's then started again. It's can also happen when there's some sort of strange occurrence within the electrical vigor system. So what can cause this problem? There are many different events that can happen some are natural and some not so. Lighting strikes can in fact cause major issues, if this happens it can cause a power surge in the ideas and depending where this happens can in fact work on issues.

In your own home there are a whole of appliances that can also cause power to surge. If you have a refrigerator because this can switch on and off as the motor requires that can also cause the power to spike at times. Most of the time this is not an issue but if this starts to divert electricity you may get highs and lows in your home. The main fuse box is in place to prevent this and in most cases works fine. If at anytime you find this is tripping then it's time to call in the experts to try sort your qoute for you.

A switching power provide is designed so it can change Ac in Dc voltage. This is usually a drop down voltage from 240 volts to 12 volts, 9 volts or 5 volts for example. Many companies for example will use a Ups (Uninterrupted Power Supply) for any necessary tool that they need to make sure works all the time if there are any power issues. In home many people will use a surge protector between the power socket and their computer tool or whatever else that uses a Psu.

To be safe trying an ensure you have a surge protector in place if your using any type of electronic equipment.

Power Surges - Things You Can Do To Avoid Them

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Monitor No Display - How To repair Likom No High Voltage problem

The complaint for this Likom 15" L4031Ndg Monitor was no display and has power. Well, no display can be no high voltage, failure in G1, G2 and heater circuit, defective flyback transformer, failure in photograph tube and microprocessor or many other reasons . In order to find out the rejoinder we have to switch on the Monitor. Upon switching on the monitor, I could not hear any sound from the monitor but the power led is on (green light). You can't feel any static at the glass of the photograph tube. This could be a sign of no high voltage symptom.

Anyhow, I have to use my meticulous Kaise Sk9000 high voltage probe to check if the high voltage gift at the anode. Sometimes if you can't feel the static at the glass of Crt, doesn't mean that the high voltage is not present. It's only low in high voltage; say may be 10 to 12 kilovolts. Low high voltage and no high voltage are totally two separate symptoms. In the above case, my high voltage probe registered zero volts! So it's confirmed no high voltage problem.

There are many reasons for no high voltage problem. A missing B+ voltage, a defective flyback transformer, no horizontal drive pulse from h/v oscillator ic, low or missing supply voltage to horizontal driver transformer and etc could cause no high voltage. The first point that I have checked was the flyback internal capacitor-the capacitance is within the normal range which is 2.7 nanofarad. If the internal capacitor is shorted, it would cause no high voltage. The second point that I have checked to be okay was the B+ voltage. It showed about 50 + volts and this mean there is supply entering the B+ pin of flyback transformer.

When checking the third point (the voltage at the former winding of horizontal flyback transformer), I found that it has zero volt which is very unusual. The base drive power supply input has about 14 volts but after the resistor it showed zero volts (by right it should have about 12 volt-voltage drop after the resistor). When I settled my finger on the base drive power resistor just after switching off the Monitor, I could felt it was very hot. Now this is what we call a clue. A good working base drive power resistor won't get hot till it burns your finger! There must be something that has gone wrong or shorted that makes the power resistor turned extremely hot. From the follow we get, we can say that the horizontal drive circuit is having question so my concentration is on this circuit.

A shorted horizontal driver transformer former winding, horizontal driver transistor, components surrounding this circuit could cause the power resistor to turn hot. The horizontal driver transformer former winding can be check by using a dick smith flyback tester while the horizontal driver transistor and surrounding components can be test with a normal multimeter. The result, surprisingly not even one component in this circuit found to be faulty.

Since I could not uncover the defective components, the only way to find out the culprit is to come out with my own schematic drawing base on this monitor circuit (using monitor circuit system to solve problem).

When the monitor is turned on the h/v oscillator tda4858 will receive a supply voltage about 9-12 volts from power supply. Then it will send a square wave pulse to horizontal driver transistor straight through pin 7 (horizontal driver output) to cause the transistor to switch. Once the horizontal driver is switching the horizontal driver transformer would work and a base signal was produced to turn on the Horizontal production transistor (Hot). This Hot would then drive the flyback transformer and 24 kilovolt would appear at the anode.

I asked myself what if the h/v oscillator ic tda4858 instead of producing a square pulse, it yield a constant signal? If it sends out a constant 5 volts signal to the horizontal driver transistor, then this transistor would not switch and causing it to turn "on" all the time. If this happen, the base drive power resistor and the horizontal driver transformer former winding would suffer. The base drive power resistor and the horizontal driver transformer former winding now would acts just like a filament or a lamp!. No meander the base drive power resistor was getting hot when the monitor was turned on.

After determined studied the horizontal drive circuit, I've made the windup that it was the h/v oscillator tda4848 that sends a wrong signal causing the base drive power resistor to get hot and at the same time causing no high voltage in the monitor. I did not use an oscilloscope to check for the square wave in order to prove my system right because I'm very unavoidable that it was the h/v oscillator Ic that production a wrong signal that caused no high voltage.

You would not believe this; yes it was this culprit (Tda4858) that caused the monitor no display problem. After replacing the Ic, the high voltage immediately energized and the zero volts measured at the pin of horizontal driver transformer now showed 12 volts! What a relieved and a great delight in my heart. I believe if we continue to switch on the Monitor for a longer period, either the base drive power resistor or the horizontal driver transformer former winding would burnt out causing it to open circuit.

Repairing Monitors need patience, comprehension how Monitor work and its signal and also the right way to test electronic components. If the practical way can't solve a problem, you can always use the system way to help you out. Thus it is leading to know on how to read a monitor schematic diagram. Don't give up and continue to learn and I believe one day you shall achieved what's desired in your heart! Have a good day!

Monitor No Display - How To repair Likom No High Voltage problem

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The Power of Ozone

Introduction

Today, spas are becoming more and more popular. They can be found at fitness centers, resorts, hotels and in healthcare centers. In fact, they are becoming so affordable that many population enjoy them in the privacy of their own homes. The warm water relieves aches, pains, stress and provides for a wonderfully relaxing experience. However, there has been some negativity with regard to the cleanliness of spas and the spread of illness. population should not be discouraged from enjoying a spa; a properly maintained spa will not pose any health problems to bathers. Using ozone in spa water rehabilitation is a great step towards achieving clean and salutary water. This report will discuss spa water rehabilitation and how ozone is the key to achieving clean water. Finally, there will be a brief discussion on how ozone generators are installed on a spa.

Water sanitation

Proper water sanitation involves three prominent factors: disinfection, oxidation and a residual.

o Disinfection is the killing of viruses and bacteria on contact.
o Oxidation is the breakdown or altering of non-living bather wastes such as organic compounds (greases and oils) from sources such as suntan lotions, body oils and nitrogen containing compounds or amines found in perspiration and urine.
o The residual is the free available disinfectant always gift in the water to ensure that disinfection is being carried out at all times.

Water sanitation

In order to have the best water capability and maximize the bathers' enjoyment of the spa, all three water sanitation requirements should be met through a composition of water chemicals and/or treatments.

Uniqueness of spas

Before any rehabilitation or a composition of treatments can be established, one must realize that treating spa water is very different from treating the water of a typical swimming pool. The following factors must be given extra notice when treating spa water: high water temperature and small volume of water. Spa water is typically maintained in the middle of 96-104°F. Chemical reactions take place at a much faster rate at these temperatures than in cooler swimming pool water. For approximately every 20° growth in temperature, the rate of these reactions is doubled. Hot water temperature and aeration also cause the water to evaporate quickly. As it does so, the total dissolves solids (Tds), such as any minerals and salts, as well as organics and bather waste that have been dissolved in the water are left behind in the spa. High levels of Tds can decrease the effectiveness of some chemical treatments. High water temperature also causes bathers to sweat. Sweat contains body oils, salts, urea and uric acid. It has been approximated that an median bather can sweat as much as a pint in just 20 minutes and, therefore, approximately 40 percent more bather waste is released into the spa than into a pool. The operation of the jets also quickly scrubs off dead skin cells and dirt. Thus a spa has a much heavier organic load in the water than a pool. A good oxidizer is needed to effectively take off such a high content of non-living bather waste.

In addition, the higher water temperature and fullness of non-living bather waste can be a perfect breeding ground for bacteria. Bacteria use non-living bather waste as a source of nutrients. Bacteria occasionally of concern in spas include: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium avium and Legionella pneumophila, to name a few. P. Aeruginosa can infect hair follicles. Symptoms comprise an itchy, bumpy rash on legs, arms and torso. M. Avium and L. Pneumophila can infect bathers from the aerosol created by the jets. M. Avium causes flulike symptoms and fatigue, while L. Pneumophila is implicated in Legionnaire's disease. When a Filter aids proper level of disinfectant is maintained in the water to kill disease causing bacteria, fungi and molds, the nearnessy of these microorganisms is absolutely controlled and a spa can be very safe for bathers. Bathers should never become complacent or stop caring for the water,or not be as vigilant about the levels of desinfectant in the water. Another factor to think in the rehabilitation of spa water is the small volume of water which creates a heavier bather load compared to that of a swimming pool. Swimming pools typically have at least ten times the estimate of water per swimmer compared to a spa.The heavier bather load of a spa can quickly deplete the sanitizer levels. Care must be taken to enunciate a proper level of sanitizer at all times given this high depletion rate.

Spa water disinfection

The proper disinfectants for spa water are whether chlorine or bromine.These are the only chemicals that have been approved as stand alone disinfectants. These chemicals have the capability to kill viruses and bacteria very quickly.Chlorine and bromine also contribute residual protection, making sure that viruses and bacteria are being killed at all times. In fact, residual is legislated and must be chlorine or bromine.The two most suitable chlorine compounds for use in spas are lithium hypochlorite and sodium dichlorostriaznetrione or Dichlor granules. Sodium hypochlorite and/or calcium hypochlorite can be used; however, they can facilitate the formation of scale, so the spa owners need to be aware of this and be very careful.

Chlorine is an perfect disinfectant and provides a adequate residual in the water. The recommended estimate of free chlorine that should always be gift in a spa is 3.0-5.0 parts per million (ppm). If chlorine is used in a spa without any other water sanitation system, it has been estimated that 85 percent of chlorine is used up for oxidation, 2.5 percent of chlorine is used for disinfection, 2.5 percent is used for residual and 10 percent of chlorine is destroyed by the hot spa water.Bromine is more ordinarily used in spas than chlorine. Bromine is more efficient over a wider pH range than chlorine and is, in fact, essentially independent of pH. This is an prominent notice since the small volume of water in a spa can effect in greater fluctuations in pH than typically experienced in a pool. For spa applications, bromine can be used in a tablet form or a two part law consisting of a bromine salt and an oxidizer. Another benefit of using bromine over chlorine is that the spent bromine in the form of the bromide ion

(Br) can be regenerated into its killing form known as hypobromous acid (Hobr). Bromine tablets (Bcdmh or 1- bromo-3-chloro-5, 5-dimethylhydantoin) comprise both bromine and chlorine. The active disinfectant is hypobromous acid.Once the bromine is spent, the chlorine functions to regenerate the bromide ion into the killing form: hypobromous acid. The two part law uses a bromine salt known as sodium bromide (NaBr). Sodium bromide establishes a bromide ion bank in the water. An oxidizer such as ozone or potassium monopersulfate can then regenerate the bromide ion into hypobromous acid. The recommended estimate of bromine that should always be gift in a spa is 4.0-6.0 ppm. If bromine is used in a spa without any other water sanitation system, approximately 80 percent of bromine is used up for oxidation, 7.5 percent for disinfection, 2.5 percent for residual and 10 percent of bromine is destroyed by the hot spa water.

Spa water oxidation

As outlined above, the high water temperature causes the water to evaporate. As the water evaporates, bather waste and other organics that were dissolved in the water remain in the spa and accumulate. High water temperature also causes more bather waste to be released into the water as the bathers sweat. This waste builds up quickly in the spa's small volume of water. A good oxidizer Uv light is needed to break down the heavy organic load in the water. Leaving these compounds in the spa water will encourage the growth of potentially harmful bacteria. While beneficial as a disinfectant and a residual, using chlorine as an oxidizer is not the best choice. Chlorine is an extremely good disinfectant and can function as an proper residual in the water; however, it performs more poorly as an oxidizer. At spa concentrations,chlorine has the tendency to merge with organic compounds. Chlorine will merge with non-living bather waste such as body oils, cosmetics, antiperspirants and lotions that are at high levels in the spa. In this process, new chlorinated organic compounds are formed which cannot be broken down. These chlorinated organic compounds form scum lines, clog filters and effect in the formation of soft-scale.

Chlorine will also merge with urine and other nitrogen containing compounds from sweat to form new compounds called chloramines. Chloramines are not efficient disinfectants, and they cause skin and eye irritation. They also cause a strong and pungent chlorine odor nearby a spa. Many population mistakenly assume that if this strong odor is present,the spa is safe to enter. In reality, they are smelling chloramines which do not disinfect the water. The nearnessy of chloramines also indicates that chlorine has been depleted and there may not be adequate residual remaining in the water. As the chloramines and chlorinated organic compounds are formed, more and more chlorine is needed to institute a adequate free chlorine residual in the water. This is known as superchlorination. If 85 percent of chlorine is used for oxidation only,this would produce a large estimate of chlorinated organic compounds and chloramines in the water.

Using chlorine to oxidize the non-living bather waste is obviously not the most efficient use of chlorine. Bromine will also merge with organic and nitrogen containing compounds. The inequity in the middle of chlorine and bromine is that bromamines formed by the reaction of bromine with nitrogen containing compounds are good disinfectants and cause little irritation and odor. However,using bromine to oxidize non-living bather waste is not the most efficient use of bromine (since 80 percent of bromine is used up for oxidation alone).

A more efficient water rehabilitation for a spa is to use chlorine or bromine for disinfection and residual, and a separateand more efficient oxidizing agent for the breaking down of non-living bather waste. Ozone is the strongest oxidizer commercially available for spa water treatment. Ozone (O) is a very reactive gas that causes the characteristic odor sometimes noticed during a thunderstorm. Because ozone is a more qualified oxidizer than chlorine and bromine, it reacts with non-living bather waste more quickly. Ozone, however, does not merge with these compounds, as it is strong adequate to cause the compounds to break apart instead. The oxidized compounds ('broken parts') are more water soluble and some can also gas-off into the surrounding air. This prevents the formation of chlorinated organic compounds.Ozone also reacts with nitrogen containing compounds from sweat and urine. As these compounds are broken apart, they cannot form unpleasant and irritating chloramines in the water. This in turn reduces eye and skin irritations experienced by bathers. The use of ozone also helps to prevent the formation of scumlines, clogging of filters and the formation of soft-scale. Similarly, if ozone and bromine are used together in a spa, the formation of brominated organic compounds that can also form scum lines,clog filters and form soft-scale, are greatly reduced.

When used in conjunction with ozone in spa water, chlorine or bromine function as the former disinfectants and contribute the protection residual. Ozone acts as the former oxidizer, where it is very efficient in removing or altering non-liv-ing bather waste. Ozone cannot be used as a stand-alone disinfectant since it breaks down too rapidly to contribute a persisting residual in the water. Disinfection therefore must be achieved by maintaining a free-available chlorine or bromine residual in the water at all times. Since ozone is very reactive, it must be produced on site using an ozone generator. This means that ozone is continually being introduced into the water. This allows for a continual oxidation and prevents the build up of non-living bather waste in the water. The continual breakdown of non-living bather waste reduces the estimate of available nutrients that bacteria need to grow. The reduced formation of chlorinated and brominated organic compounds lowers the cost of running the spa and minimizes water maintenance since specialty chemicals such as shock treatments, scumline cleaners, filter degreasers, clarifiers, etc., are rarely needed. The use of ozone increases the efficiency of chlorine and bromine as their workload is reduced and they are allowed to tackle viruses and bacteria,rather than fulfilling the oxidation role in the water. Since chlorine and bromine are no longer needed for oxidation, the quantities of chlorine and bromine required for proper disinfection and residual can be significantly reduced.

Common ways of making ozone

Ozone must be produced on site using an ozone generator. There are two types of ozone generators, ultraviolet (Uv) and corona removal (Cd). Ultraviolet (Uv) ozone generation In ultraviolet ozone generators, ozone is produced by passing ambient air over an ultraviolet lamp. The ultraviolet light from the lamp whose wavelength is 185 nm will split the oxygen molecules (O) into oxygen atoms (O). The split oxy-2 gen atoms merge with other oxygen molecules in the air stream to form ozone (O). The method does not need any feed-gas air establishment systems. Uv systems are well qualified for use in spas. They produce adequate ozone to function as an efficient oxidizer in a spa and are much more frugal than Cd systems because extra air establishment and cool-ing systems are not necessary.

Corona removal (Cd) ozone generation

In this method, ozone is produced with a high voltage electrical discharge. A controlled spark (corona) splits the oxygen molecules as a prepared feed-gas is passed across an air gap. As the spark splits the oxygen molecules, nitrogen molecules (N) gift in the air steam are also split. The reactions of split nitrogen atoms with moisture in air lead to the production of extremely corrosive nitric acid (Hno). Nitric acid can damage the internal components of the ozone generator, restrict the flow of ozone and even cause premature failure of the ozone generator. Nitric acid production decreases the ozone production of the ozone generator, compromising the capability of the water.Due to problems related with the production of nitric acid, the feed-gas must be modified or prepared before it reaches the ozone generator. One way of establishment the feed-gas is to take off the moisture from it. Due to involved and precious air establishment and cooling systems, Cd ozone generators are good qualified for water rehabilitation applications much larger than spas.

Ozone safety

If the ozone generator is installed and operated properly, ozone does not pose health hazards to the bathers.Chances of being exposed to any primary concentrations of ozone are very low. Ozone is so reactive that as soon as it gets into the water, it will react quickly with non-living contaminants. By-products of ozone oxidation are inoffensive oxygen,heat and carbon dioxide. Ozone off-gassing regulations also ensure that the bathers are not exposed to primary concentrations of ozone.

How are ozone generators installed on a spa?

The installation of an ozone generator onto a spa is relatively easy since most new spas are ozone ready. Two parts are required for the installation, the ozone generator and an injector (also called a venturi). The spa's equipment compartment contains a section of a ¾" Id flex hose. This hose is spliced into a rigid water line, which leads to the ozone jet settled in the spa shell. A section of the flex hose is then snipped out for the installation of the ozone injector. The injector ends slip into the cut-out section of the ¾" flex house. The injector creates suction which pulls ozone from the generator, mixes ozone with water and delivers the ozone to a jet in the spa. After the injector is installed, the ozone production line is related to the injector suction fitting settled on top of the injector. A check valve is installed which prevents the water from backing-up into the ozone generator. The production line is also looped high in the spa cabinet above the water level. This 'Hartford Loop' provides extra protection from water backflow.The spa's control pack should have an ozone receptacle where the generator is plainly plugged in. The spa pack will contribute the power to the ozone generator and will control its cycle. The ozone generators will only be on when the pump is on. If the spa has a 2-speed pump, the ozone generator will be on when the low-speed pump is in operation. Spas that do not have timers will turn the ozone generator on when the thermostat activates the pump motor. The ozone generator should be run for at least 4-6 hours per day.

Conclusion

Spas offer a great way for population to relax and comfort stress. The use of chlorine or bromine with ozone ensures that all three water sanitation requirements (disinfection, oxidation and residual) are met and the challenges related with the hot water temperature and low water volume are also absolutely dealt with.Ozone is the best oxidizer commercially available and ozone generators are very easy to install on a spa. With proper water maintenance, including the use of ozone, spa owners can truly enjoy relaxing in a safe and salutary environment.

The Power of Ozone

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Processing, Memory Capacity of Car Pcs Get a Boost

Despite little R&D due to pricing challenges, car Pc makers pursue hardware improvements.

China car Pc manufacturers continue to spend in hardware enhancements to stimulate query and compete with features-rich automotive electronics. They, however, try to attack a balance between execution upgrades and cost adjustments to keep prices affordable.

Models that adopt the Intel 945Gc chipset and Atom 230 processor remain popular because of their low quotes. Makers are promoting such versions to speak sales, but they also offer units with dual-core Atom 330 Cpus for faster processing capability. Any turn to the 1.66Ghz Atom D510 and the 1.8Ghz Atom D525, which run Os more efficiently than low-frequency counterparts. These, however, increase the price.

Memory capacity is another primary R&D consideration. Many China makers have upgraded car Pc models to 1 and 2Gb Ddr2 from 512Mb to add value. Most fellowships can offer 80 to 160Gb Hdds. Solid-state disks or Ssds are also available to address the query for great shock resistance.

Acknowledging that the stock is still a secondary line, manufacturers admit the need to build technology and price competitiveness. Local enterprises are therefore keeping in-house R&D alive straight through regular upgrades despite little query and cost concerns.

Major players such as Leso International Ltd, for instance, use expensive processors and chipsets to cater to the upscale and function-conscious market. The supplier's newest car Pc series is based on the Nvidia Mcp7A or Mcp79-Ion. Aside from the Atom 330, the chipset has onboard GeForce8100 visible core, Realtek Alc 662 sound card and Realtek 8111C Gigabit Ethernet controller. Its built-in Bluetooth adopts 802.15 Wpan.

Leso also offers models with 8Gb Ssd as an alternative to its Hdd versions. The maker started to promote the use of the former in 2010 when the cost of the component declined. Prices of Ssd-based car Pcs, which remain higher than Hdd alternatives, however, hamper wide adoption.

Shenzhen Joyous Electronics Ltd, meanwhile, is looking at extending stock usability to compete with car Dvd players. The provider designs its units with transportable device-level Cpus that operate on Windows Ce.

Despite the distinct outlook generated by active R&D, makers have conservative increase projections for the line. One speculate is the proliferation of less expensive, but features-laden automotive electronics gift similar functions. For a lower price, buyers can have all-in-one car Dvd players that hold information and entertainment activities. Smartphones with in-vehicle kits and mounts also pose a threat because of the built-in Internet connectivity and enterprise programs. Moreover, a car Pc's mobile computing ability is dependent on the local telecom carrier. Under the current network infrastructure and payment schemes,this service incurs a higher fee.

Another factor preventing the expansion of the segment is its niche market status and the lack of buyer following. The device is commonly viewed as a high-end tool for professional applications such as fleet tracking and transportation management. This and the low query have kept furnish small, which has in turn prevented makers from reaching economies of scale that can bring prices down.

Car Pcs & prices

In-vehicle computers technically belong to the high end of the car electronics line, but the choice in China consists of models for dissimilar price categories. Entry-level versions are mobile Internet device or ultra-mobile Pc types with Windows Ce, 256Mb to 1Gb internal memory and 2-Din structure. Some suppliers offer these as upscale in-dash Dvd players that hold Gps and digital Tv. Such variants can furnish Wi-Fi or 3G wireless connectivity on top of basic word processing. Digital touchscreens with 800x480-pixel resolution are becoming popular in this segment. Manufacturers are also releasing designs targeted at extra car models.

Products in the midrange make up the mainstream. Adopting Intel Atom 230 or 330 Cpus, these come in 2 or 1-Din or box-type structures with built-in Hdds and Windows Xp or 7 installed. The last two configurations regularly require an additional monitor and are targeted at extra applications such as fire trucks, police cars or taxicabs. These need a theory that can run professional software and location or transportation functions. Units in the class have 1 to 2Gb Ddr2 memory, 80 to 160Gb Hdds, and Introducing the Auto Power Sequencer feature. They adapt additional modules such as a Usb Wlan adapter. China suppliers can likewise couple a Dvd mechanism on request.

The 2-Din version is an upscale alternative that includes a 7in Tft Lcd or touchscreen. Local makers offer extra modules to fit distinct cars. Leso, for instance, has released the Win-Xp-005 and Win-Xp-006 models for the Vw Magotan and Mazda 6, respectively. These systems hold Dvd, Gps, Wi-Fi, rearview, Bluetooth and mobile office functions.

China suppliers source car Pc motherboards from Foxconn, Via or Msi, and touchscreens from Chimei and Au Optronics. They purchase Dvd mechanisms from domestic providers, together with Foryou, Corepine and Shinwa. Metal housings are employed for great cooling performance. stock configuration influences price directly. Entry-level models without monitors and those using Umpc or Mid-type processors and chipsets start at 0.

The 2-Din nettop or netbook version with touchscreen, Intel Atom 230 or 330 Cpu, integrated graphics controller, audio codec chip and memory is approximately 0. The motherboard regularly matches the execution of the processor. An extra digital Tv module such as Dvb-T increases the price by to , and a Gprs network component adds . A W-Cdma unit pushes quotes up by at least , a shape that has been climbing since tablet Pcs, particularly the iPad, entered mass production.

Taiwan: Upscale models suit fleet management, professional use

Increasing awareness on car safety and smart driving is propelling increase in Taiwan's car Pc manufacturing industry. Although basic models from the island trail the more developed in-vehicle pilotage and telematics systems, such products meet most users' requirements. Sophisticated varieties are favorable for fleet management, cargo tracking and other professional applications.

Car Pcs from Taiwan suppliers are ageement units boasting appealing power administration and fanless thermal designs. Heat pipes and rights mechanical layouts enable great cooling.

3G communication, Gps and Wi-Fi can be added for car fleet management. Manufacturers also couple 10/100/1,000BaseTx Ethernet.

Makers adopt Intel processors such as Atom, Core 2 Duo and Core I series. The dual-core Atom D525 Cpu is a new alternative.

Mainstream varieties use Vga screens and low-voltage differential signaling for dual independent displays. Ntsc and Pal video standards are accepted. For storage, Cf card slots and 2.5in Hdd brackets give buyers two options. Rs-232 and -422, and Eia-485, and microphone input ports and earphone jacks are common.

To ensure software compatibility, Windows and Linux device drivers and Api are supported, as are Gpio and Can bus. The last enables Can 2.0A and B. Mini Pci Express slots and Usb ports allow expansion.

Taiwan-made products comply with Ce, Fcc class B and E-Mark. Makers also meet Iso/Ts 16949 standards. The provider base exceeds 20 players, mostly industrial Pc specialists capable of developing robust devices for greatest environments.

Ibase Technology Inc.'s I-Vc5 model has dual displays and digital video recording function. The first can be used for showing digital signage in the car's surface and as an in-vehicle computer screen. The unit can associate to a 4-channel safety camera to capture video and store the data on a removable Hdd.

Processing, Memory Capacity of Car Pcs Get a Boost

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Circuit Breaker - An foremost security measure for Your Home

Circuit breakers are now popular expedient used in residential and industrial premises because of great benefit over fuses. It is a expedient that automatically breaks an electrical current whenever the circuit gets overloaded or an abrupt short circuit happens. Circuit breakers have a defined galvanic current load capacity which when breached results to automated circuit power cut.

Overloading happens when an galvanic in wires is stormed and conducts an galvanic charge beyond wires' capacity. Whenever this occurs, the wires heat up and consequently burst or an electrical fire erupts. But by installing a circuit, risk of galvanic fire can be avoided to a great deal. Unlike a fuse which work once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume general operation.

Presently, wholesale galvanic are available in different capacities, from small breakers that guard an personel household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an whole city. They are also available in varying sizes and are usually used agreeing to the galvanic load required to run the appliances.

Now, circuit breakers are the ideal exchange of fuses, in fact determined as the favorite expedient to cope galvanic loan and protect circuit. The major benefit of this have over fuses is that you don't have to put too much attempt to reset them. And like fuses, you don't have to place a new one every time an appliance draws immoderate current. Moreover, when a breaker closes off the circuit, it won't work unless you throw it all the way to the off position before you turn it back on again. One more highlight of galvanic circuit breaker is that it is air-ambient compensated- the hotter the air colse to them gets, the sooner they will trip.

In addition, if you are choosing circuit breaker for coarse living areas, choose an Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter (Afci) breaker which is designed to cut galvanic shocks if definite wires become worn or damaged and originate an galvanic spark. You can use these home circuit breakers for living rooms, dining rooms, bedrooms and foyers.

No matter what kind of home you choose, but don't forget to verify that it meets National Electrical Code (Nec) standards. The Nec points the safety standards for electrical systems throughout the home and all licensed electricians must bond to these codes while installation. So, while buying the product, check either it is Nec-compliant. These days, the typical house carries either a 100 amp or 200 amp electrical services, so you should choose a home circuit breaker that can cope galvanic load of such capacity and able to distribute the power properly throughout the house.

Circuit Breaker - An foremost security measure for Your Home

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